2.
   2025
/  
 ( -II)
(        )
: 3     :75
:    -     ,        
             
-
1.     ?   -     

2.   
  ?    '     
    
-
3.   -           
4.    ?   ,      
-
2.
5.              '   
    ?
6.   '   :
()    
()    
() 
-
7.         ?         
8.      -  '         
2.
   2025
/  
 ( -II)
(        )
: 3     :75
:    -     ,        
             
-
1.     ?   -     

:󷇮󷇭       
               
          
 
 , 
       
  -     ,  
   
 ,    ,      
 
       
    ,     
     ,        ,   
 
 
               -
-     
󷊆󷊇1.    
 
2.
               , 
     8-18      (   '     
        )
  
       
, , , , 
           75%  
  99%     
- 
  ,         
  
        ,        
       
  
?

      - ,   ,  -      
 ,     
󼾳󼾴2.     
  
   , 
    ,      50
    
  
         
,      
    
      ,      
             (UV)
   
  ,        
   

           
  
?
   ,  '        ,   
 ,        
󹲴󹲵3.        
2.
    ,  50    85    

  
       ,   -90°C    
  "   "    -   ( )
         
   ,     
     ,           
  
?
       '          

󷇳4.        
  85    500-1000       
""  ( )   ,        
 

    
  
      1000°C        
      (   )      
           
 
    ,         
         
          (ISS)  
 
  
?
       
      
      , GPS,        
󺛺󺛻󺛿󺜀󺛼󺛽󺛾5.     
   , , 500     10,000    , -
         
2.
  
         
         
        

      
       
  
?
        
 ,     
         
 
󷉅󷉆󷉈󷉇     '  

 
  
 

0–8/18 ..
 
, - 

50  
 
 ,     

50–85 
 
   

85–1000 
 
, , 

500–10,000 

  
󷇰󷇯
   
 -           
 
           
 :
      ,
    
 ,
  ,
  ,
    
               
    
2.
2.   
  ?    '     
    
:󷈴󷈶󷈵  
  ?
   
      
  '    , 
 -    ,          
     
      
     INSOLATION   
""               
       
     :         
    
   ,    ,  ,       
    , ,  , ,  ,   
     
      ,          

 
󷇮󷇭   '         
              ' -  '
                
        ,      -    
  ,   ,   ,         
        
     ,       :
󷄧󷄫 (    )
           
        
     ,      
2.
     ' 
 ,          
 ,        
     
   (0° ):        ,    
  
 (90°   ):      ,    
         ,     
:
-   ,      
󷄧󷄬     (  )
    =       
 ,  (  40°–60°)     
 '   24      
:           
  ,    
  

 ,    14      ,   '     
    8        
󷄧󷄭    
    ()      ,      
  
 (    ):3   
 (    ):4   
   :           ,    
   - 
  ,         ,   
 
      ,    
2.
󷄧󷄮      (23.5° )
   ,                
   
  :
     (23.5° )     (23.5° )   
   
       ,      ()
 
   ,    ()  
   ,    
        
󷄰󷄯  (, ,   )
      
       :
            
    (      )
          
             
:
           
             
󷄧󷄱 (    )
   '     ,        
           
  :
            
2.
      '   '     
 
     '      ?    

        
󷄧󷄲     ( )
-         
          
           

  
 ,          
          -      
 
󷉅󷉆󷉈󷉇  
  
    :
     

 

  (, , )
    
   
       
󽇐
               
   -   ,   ,   ,   , 
 ,     
2.
-
3.   -           
:  -           
         ,   -  
   
 ,    ,    ,      
    '          
          , ,      ,  
   ,   '   ,   ,    '  
       -     ,     ,
       '   
  ,     
     
   
  
I.    (      ?)
   '              '
  
1. 
-    

            '     
    C    ,       

     :
 -     ,  

- , ,    
,   ,      
 
2.  -     
2.
         C    ,       
 
 ,            '   ' 
:
 
  (, , )
    (, , )
     
           
-      
3.  - 
    
    :
       '   ,
  '      
    -   
   '               
  
4.  -       
 ,              ( 
     )    ,  -     
,                  
    

    :


  

              
2.
5.   ( - )
        
 ,       :
      '           
      -       
             
II.    (   ?)
  
  ,           
      
  
 
1.   -      
                
         ,   '   ,    
                :
 
-

     :
  
 
    
  
   '     
2.   -       
""       
2.
       
 ,      
 ,
      -    ,       

   
 :
  :
 
  (
 ):  
:
  () ,    

 
      
   
        
3.      -      
            
      
  ,         
      '     :
 
   (, )
   '               
III.      (   ?)
 '   '    
       ,  
   
  :
1.  
 
    200    
 
2.
 (,  , )      
  
  - 
  , , ,      


         :   
  (      )
2. -
 
    50-150    
   
 

   
            
3.  
  (  )
  '  25    
 
 
 () -  '    
 
 
  - -           
 
4.   
  
    
      
     
2.

             
  -            
   :
  

 
 
  
       ,  -       
-     
4.    ?   ,      
:󷇮󷇭 : , ,    
          ,     
             ',     
      -      
      
  
     ,    ,        ?   
      ...     ...      
 
      
               
󷉁󷉂󷉃󷉄   ?
               
   '     
     -    (GHGs) 
  -                
       ,         ,   
2.
    ,        ,   
          
   :
  (CO₂)
 (CH₄)
  (N₂O)
 (CFCs)
  
         ,       
    
󹻦󹻧    
       
 
1.   
   ,     ,    -   
    CO₂           
   
 
    '      ,    CO₂
    
2.   
         CO₂        ,
,     ,      
  =  CO₂  =    CO₂
3.  
  :
CO₂

 
 (   )
            
2.
4.  (  )
,             
()      
5.    
     ,      
6. -  
         
    
7.  
    :
 
 
   
  
      
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛󷉟󷉠󷉡󷉢󷉣󷉤󷉥󷉦   
      
 -        
  : , , ,     
1.       
-   , ,        
        ,        
 
2.   
     
 :
  

 

2.

      
3.   
           :
         
         
      
4.  ' 
         
 :
  
   
  
       
5.  
    :
  
  
, ,      (
      
 )
6.   
     ,         
            CO₂  
    
7.       
     
 ,  CO₂     
  
  -     
󷊆󷊇     
2.
        
 -     
      :
1.     
    
   
,   -  
  CO₂    
 
2.     
             CO₂    
   
3.  
    :
    '   
LED    
    
-  
4. - 

 - 
   
 -       
5.  
    
2.
    
         
6.    
       :
  
 
 -  
7.   
        ,    
      
8.  
         :
 
 
         
󷇰󷇯
      
 -         -
      
 
        :
   
  ,   
 ,      
    :      
 ,       -  ,  , 
      -  
      
   
  -           󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌󹲡󷇲󷇱
2.
-
5.              '   
    ?
:             '  
    ?
   
   '            
,                   
          -    -   
          '       
        
  --       ,     
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛1.     
    ,            -   
                
     :
 '     
                  
 
          ,     
  !
  
   165        :
      
, ,  ,  ,     
       -      !
    
2.
     ',      19,000       
               ,  !
 '     
      ,             
11,000  (11 )       
 (   )
    ,        
   
     :
   
    
     
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛2.     '   
       
         ,
, ,             
'    ,        ,    '
      
 -       
󺅪󺅫󺅬󺅭A.  -  '    
      ,    -      
       
    :
 -  '    
 
 
 
2.
                
  (    )            
 

🏔B. -   -     
           -
                
      
 
               
     ,          

󷇤󷇥󷇠󷇡󷇢󷇣󷇦C.     
  "  "    
       
           
 
     :
 
 
 
  ,  
,           
 
           
🏞.   
     ,   
    :
  
 
                
       
2.
󷆳󷆴󷆸󷆵󷆶󷆷.   - ,  
          ,     
 ,     '           
      -   
,    ,        
  
     
🏜.  
     -      
        
   :



 
            ,    
    
󷇮󷇭
        -   ,     
                 
      ,  ,    , ,  
       
           ,    
  -          
           ,     
     
6.   '   :
2.
()    
()    
() 
:  (        )
()    
   
              
            
,     
          
  
               '
    
 :
1.          
 
2.         
  ,          
        (ppt)   35     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
1000     ,    35    
      
   '   ,    ' 
 
 ?
1.  
  -       -           ,
       ,    =   
             
2. 
    
             ,  
     
   =  .:       

        
 
3. 
,     ,       ,  
     ,      
4.   
   
 ;    
 
2.
 
 ?
       
     
      '   
   ""  ,        -     
 ,        
()     
     ,  ,   '    
   ,              
 -      ,    ,       
 :   ,       
     ?
         , ,       3000 
6000    '           40%  
,    '          
 
   ?
          :
,
,
  , 
         
  -         '    ,  
   '    
       
 ?
1.     
         
2.      

       
 ,     
            
2.
3.   
          
  
4.    
   ,           
     
    
 ?
       ,        
    
        
               
    ,               
  
   ,      
() 
 
            ,    
    -        ,    
   :             

  ?
  -        
 
 
             ,     
             :
1.     
2.  - 
3.    
4.      
     -  
 ,  
  
   ? -   -
2.
1.       
        
   
2.     
      ,       
3.  -  
          ,     
  
4.    
  
         ,       
  
 (     )
  '    200    
      
   
 
        
 
    -  
   
 
 ?
        
       
       
         -   -    
-
7.         ?         
:󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛  :        
             
  
 -  -,     ,   , 
              

  
2.
        ,       
           
 ?   
 
    
?
        
󽇐 1:       
    
        
    
     ""   
1.   (   )
    

           ,      
  
      ,         
         ,          
       
 
󷄧󽇄    :             
2.  (   )
   '      ,    '   
       :
 (-       )
(       )
       '   ,     

 
󷄧󽇄       -     
2.
3.    ( )

       ,      :
    
    
          
󷄧󽇄           
4.    (   )
                
    
        ,       
󷄧󽇄:        ,     ,   
           ,       
  
5.       
        , ,       
 
󷄧󽇄          -        
 
6.   
                
  
             
2.
󷇮󷇭 2:        
               
 
    ,        

   ,        
 
  -          
󽇐A.     
1.   ( )
              
       
     -  
        
         
:
     ,        ' 

     ,        
󷄧󽇄               
2.    ( )
                
-      
         :


 
󷄧󽇄     

?
2.
3.   (  )
        -    
:    
       
:
          
            
󷄧󽇄            
4.   (  )
     ,        -    
   
      ,   
      
 
󷄧󽇄                  
          
󽇐B.     
1.    ( )
          
          
󷄧󽇄      
2.   ( )
    ,      -    
               
2.
3.   (  )
       ,         , 
-         
     
   :

 
:
        
       
4.    ( )
   -           
       ,        
 
8.      -  '         
:     -  '      
 
    ,  
  ' ,      
        ,    - , , ,  
          ,      
   -            , 
,  ,            
       
   ,     , -    
           '  ,   ,   
2.
,        ' -   ,   ,   -,
     -      
  ',                 
:
1.  -     
2.  -       
3.  -       

 ,     :  ,      
   
              
1.  :     
            '    
   , , ,           

 
       
     , ,        
,         -  
 
 
             
      
           
   
    '   :
  ' (     )
  ' ( )
  ,            
     
             
 , - 
   , -    
   
2.
  :      
  :   
   :     
               
    
2.  :     
       
  - ,     
         ,       -  
 '  
   
   '       ,    ,   
  
 
   
  -    
 ,        , 
  
   :
a)   
  (CaCO₃)         :
 (   )
 ( )
 ( )
        ,      
       
)  
 (SiO₂)       :
 ()
 ( )
2.
          ,   -  

            ,  
  :
     
   
       
3.  :       
       
,         
          ,      '  
     
 
 
1.  - , , ,    ,    
2.  -         
  
    
3.  - -  '    " "  
  
4.   -        
    
 :     ,    
 : -   -
:     
    -   -        !
4.    :    
              ,
  ,                 
 '    
    :
2.
     
     -
            
   ,       ,    
    
 
    -      
1.  
   
, , 
         
2.    
        "" 
 
     
    (     )
3.   (   )
    
         
  
4. -  
   
      
       

   '    
;      - ,
, ,  ,       
       ,        
,    ,    ,     , 
    
2.
       ,          
    ,    ,           
  ,   ,        
"              
 
       ,       
 "